Luis Vega (8 Aug 2021)
"SPIKE PROTEIN IMPAIRS ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION - Damages Cells"


 

SARS-COV-2 SPIKE PROTEIN IMPAIRS ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION VIA DOWNREGULATION OF ACE 2 

THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS’ SPIKE PROTEIN PLAYS ADDITIONAL KEY ROLE IN ILLNESS 

Salk Researchers and Collaborators show how the Protein damages cells, confirming COVID-19 as a Primarily Vascular Disease 


The Salk Institute in San Diego, California is often referred to the 'Temple to Vaccines'. Yet, they came out with a critical Scientific Paper attesting that the Spike Proteins that the COVID-19 Injections that are being administered are indeed causing damage to the human body. The following is from the Salk Website and a synopsis if the findings along with links to further read the details of this bombshell report that comes from the 'Heart of the Vaccine Headquarters.

'The Salk Institute for Biological Studies embodies Jonas Salk’s mission to dare to make dreams into reality. Its internationally renowned and award-winning scientists explore the very foundations of life, seeking new understandings in neuroscience, genetics, immunology, plant biology and more. The Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark: small by choice, intimate by nature and fearless in the face of any challenge. Be it cancer or Alzheimer’s, aging or diabetes, Salk is where cures begin.'
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Originally published 31 Mar 2021
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902
Circulation Research. 2021;128:1323–1326 


SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection relies on the binding of S protein (Spike glycoprotein) to ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2 in the host cells. Vascular endothelium can be infected by SARS-CoV-2,
1 which triggers mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and glycolytic shift.2 Paradoxically, ACE2 is protective in the cardiovascular system, and SARS-CoV-1 S protein promotes lung injury by decreasing the level of ACE2 in the infected lungs.3 In the current study, we show that S protein alone can damage vascular endothelial cells (ECs) by downregulating ACE2 and consequently inhibiting mitochondrial function.

We administered a pseudovirus expressing S protein (Pseu-Spike) to Syrian hamsters intratracheally. Lung damage was apparent in animals receiving Pseu-Spike, revealed by thickening of the alveolar septa and increased infiltration of mononuclear cells (Figure [A]). AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) phosphorylates ACE2 Ser-680, MDM2 (murine double minute 2) ubiquitinates ACE2 Lys-788, and crosstalk between AMPK and MDM2 determines the ACE2 level.4 In the damaged lungs, levels of pAMPK (phospho-AMPK), pACE2 (phospho-ACE2), and ACE2 decreased but those of MDM2 increased (Figure [B], i). Furthermore, complementary increased and decreased phosphorylation of eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) Thr-494 and Ser-1176 indicated impaired eNOS activity. These changes of pACE2, ACE2, MDM2 expression, and AMPK activity in endothelium were recapitulated by in vitro experiments using pulmonary arterial ECs infected with Pseu-Spike which was rescued by treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species inhibitor (Figure [B], ii). 

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Link to entire Study Publication:
https://www.salk.edu/news-release/the-novel-coronavirus-spike-protein-plays-additional-key-role-in-illness/

Main Sources

JOURNAL: Circulation Research 


TITLE:
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE2  


AUTHORS: Yuyang Lei, Jiao Zhang, Cara R Schiavon, Ming He, Lili Chen, Hui Shen, Yichi Zhang, Qian Yin, Yoshitake Cho, Leonardo Andrade, Gerald S Shadel, Mark Hepokoski, Ting Lei, Hongliang Wang, Jin Zhang, Jason X-J Yuan, Atul Malhotra, Uri Manor, Shengpeng Wang, Zu-Yi Yuan, and John Y-J Shyy
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Online Discussion 

Heather Heying & Bret Weinstein: The Lab Hypothesis | Real Time (HBO) 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMGWLLDSA3c

Spike protein causes cell damage (from Livestream #79) 

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